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| 493 BC |
| | | After six years the Persians recover control of Ionia, but Athens is now identified as a target for invasion | |
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| 490 BC |
| | | Darius sends a fleet across the Aegean, carrying a large army of infantry and cavalry for an attack on Athens | |
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| 490 BC |
| | | The Persian fleet moves south towards Athens, but then heads home across the Aegean without attempting an assault on the city | |
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| 414 BC |
| | | The Persians, renewing their interest in the Aegean, fund the Spartans in the building of a fleet to match that of Athens | |
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| 333 BC |
| | | At Gordium, in central Turkey, Alexander is credited with cutting the mythical Gordian Knot (identifying him as the ruler of Asia) | |
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| 331 BC |
| | | Moving northeast into Mesopotamia, Alexander again defeats Darius III (at Gaugamela), leaving Persia open to his advances | |
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| from 323 BC |
| | | The spread of Greek rule by Alexander introduces the Hellenistic age, which will last for three centuries | |
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| 221 BC |
| | | The ruthless Qin dynasty establishes control over the whole of central China | |
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| c. 126 BC |
| | | Zhang Qian reaches Bactria and is the first to bring news of western Asia back to China | |
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| 106 BC |
| | | A caravan leaves China with goods destined for Persia - proof that the eastern half of the Silk Road is now open | |
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